Sunday, June 05, 2016

Ali Remembered In Muslim World As Champ, Voice Of Change


ASSOCIATED PRESS




Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali connects with a right against challenger Joe Frazier in the ninth round of their title fight in Manila, Philippines. Ali won the fight on a decision to retain the title. Ali, the magnificent heavyweight champion whose fast fists and irrepressible personality transcended sports and captivated the world





CAIRO (AP) — Of all Muhammad Ali's travels, his 1964 trip to Egypt was perhaps the most symbolic, bringing him face to face with President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had punched above his own weight as a champion of Third World struggles.

Nasser was viewed with suspicion by the United States, but revered across much of Africa and Asia for confronting European colonial powers. For the newly crowned heavyweight champion, being received by one of America's chief enemies announced his arrival on the global stage as a powerful voice of change.

The boxing genius and revolutionary political views of Ali, who died Friday at age 74, emerged when America's civil rights movement was in full swing and the Vietnam war raged on, sharply dividing Americans.

The Muslim world was also gripped by upheaval, stemming from the withdrawal of the colonial powers and the onset of the Cold War. Nasser, a popular Arab nationalist and Soviet ally, had emerged as a leading opponent of American "imperialism," and his fiery speeches touched on themes that would later be embraced by Ali.

Ali's conversion to Islam won him the support of many across the region. Three years later, his refusal to serve in the U.S. Army in Vietnam — "I ain't got no quarrel with them Vietcong" — and his subsequent loss of the world title resonated with Muslims, many of whom saw that conflict as the epitome of America's global tyranny.

"Muslims wanted a hero to represent them, and Clay was the only Muslim champion... No other Muslim athlete managed to achieve what Clay did ... Thus, he was a symbol for Muslims," said Mohammed Omari, an Islamic law professor in northern Jordan's Al al-Bayt University.

In a Muslim world with a seemingly infinite number of people called "Mohammed Ali," the Louisville, Kentucky, native was mostly referred to as Muhammad Ali Clay — ironically retaining one of the "slave" names that he argued so hard and long for people to drop after he became a Muslim.

It was the diversity of the causes embraced by Ali during his lifetime — from the civil rights movement and anti-war activism to global charity work and dealing with Parkinson's disease — that has won him a large following among a wide range of admirers in the Muslim world.

"The uplifting exuberance of Muhammad Ali will endure long after his passing," Dubai's Gulf News, a widely read daily in the United Arab Emirates, said in an editorial, hailing the "lasting political achievements of one of the 20th Century's greatest sports superstars."

Jordan's King Abdullah II wrote that Ali "fought hard, not only in the ring, but in life for his fellow citizens and civil rights." "The world has lost today a great unifying champion whose punches transcended borders and nations," Abdullah wrote on his Twitter account. Accompanying his tweet was a photo of Ali, King Hussein, Abdullah's late father, and U.S. President Gerald Ford — all in tuxedos.

Mohammed Assem Faheem, a three-time youth heavyweight champion in Egypt, mainly saw Ali as a boxing role model. "When I watched tapes of his fights, I focused on two things: His footwork and defense tactics. I could not copy them, they were too good for me," said Faheem, 26 and better known by his nickname, Konga.

To Nashaat Nashed, a 55-year-old boxing coach who is also a member of Egypt's Coptic Christian minority, Ali was an inspiration. "God created him to box, not for anything else. I owe it to him that I took up boxing and that I fell in love with the sport."

Nizam Zayed, 48, a Palestinian handyman at a gym in the West Bank city of Ramallah, recalls watching Ali's matches on television. "My generation liked Muhammed Ali because he was very good at boxing and because his name was Muhammed Ali and he was a Muslim."

Pakistan's cricket legend-turned-politician Imran Khan, writing a series of tweets mourning Ali's death, described the boxer as the "greatest sportsman of all time" and a man of strong convictions. "Sportsmen have a limited career life span in which they can earn and Ali sacrificed it for his beliefs with courage and conviction."

In Iraq, which Ali visited in 1990 to secure the release of 15 Americans who had been taken hostage by Saddam Hussein in the wake of his invasion of Kuwait, retired heavyweight boxer Ismail Khalil mourned the "greatest."

"Today marks the death of a great champion. It is a sad day for the world of boxing. This champion does not represent America only, but the entire Islamic world too."

Associated Press reporters Karin Laub and Khetam Malkawi in Amman, Munir Ahmed in Islamabad, Mohammed Daraghmeh in Ramallah, Ahmed Sami in Baghdad and Adam Schreck in Dubai contributed to this report.

Pope Proclaims 2 New Saints In Canonization Mass






The relics of Elizabeth Hesselblad and of Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczynsk are placed in front of the altar in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican during the canonization ceremony led by Pope Francis, Sunday, June 5, 2016. Pope Francis has canonized Elizabeth Hesselblad, a Lutheran convert who hid Jews during World War II and Stanislaus, the founder of the first men's religious order dedicated to the immaculate conception.



VATICAN CITY (AP) — Pope Francis proclaimed two new saints on Sunday: A Lutheran convert who hid Jews during World War II and the Polish founder of the first men's religious order dedicated to the immaculate conception.

Francis called Swedish-born Elizabeth Hesselblad and Stanislaus Papczynski "exemplary witnesses to this mystery of resurrection" during the canonization Mass in St. Peter's Square. Poland's President Andrzej Duda and first lady Agata Kornhauser-Duda attended the ceremony.

Hesselblad saved the lives of 12 Jewish members of the Piperno-Sed families by hiding them in the convent in Rome where she was superior from December 1943 until the capital's liberation on June 4, 1944.

Israel's Holocaust center Yad Vashem bestowed on her the title "Righteous Among the Nations." It said Hesselblad never tried to convert those she saved but, "rather insisting that they say their Hebrew prayers and fulfill other obligations of their religion."

Hesselblad, who was baptized in the Reform Church, migrated to the United States where she worked as a nurse and converted to Catholicism. She later moved to Rome, where she became a nun and dedicated her life to her religious order. She died of natural causes in 1957 and was beatified in 2000.


She is Sweden's second saint in 625 years, following Saint Bridget, who was canonized in 1391. Her canonization comes ahead of Francis' scheduled trip to Sweden later this year to mark the 500th anniversary of the start of the Protestant Reformation.

Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary, as he is known, supported hospitals and shelters for the poor and cared for the sick in 17th Century Poland. In his early years he himself experienced serious sickness and begged in the streets.

"Papczynski preached mercy and encouraged people to do acts of mercy," the Polish Episcopate said on its website. His crowning achievement was founding the order of Marian Fathers, which preached the cult of Holy Mary.

Papczynski was born in 1631 to the family of an ironsmith in the village of Podegrodzie, in southern Poland. He had one brother and six sisters, and died in 1701.

Saturday, June 04, 2016

I Salute Muhammad Ali, 1942 - 2016


After Charles "Sonny" Liston defeats Floyd Patterson in a World Heavyweight title fight, Muhammad Ali holds up eight fingers to indicate how many rounds it will take him to defeat Liston in their fight. Date: July 22, 1963. Location: Las Vegas, Nevada. Image: Bettmann

Friday, June 03, 2016

Nigerian Militants Say Aim Is Zero Oil Output After Three New Attacks

BY LIBBY GEORGE AND ULF LAESSING
REUTERS, FRIDAY, JUNE 03, 2016




LONDON/ABUJA (REUTERS) -- The Niger Delta Avengers militant group has claimed responsibility for three new attacks on Nigeria's oil infrastructure, promising to cut production to zero.

The attacks are the latest in a Delta region conflict that a major local youth group said is "rapidly deteriorating and getting out of control", putting intense pressure on Nigeria's stretched finances.

Early on Friday, the group said via its Twitter account it had blown up a pipeline in Nigeria's Bayelsa state owned by Italy's ENI, hours after attacks on another ENI pipeline as well as one belonging to Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd (SPDC).

"At about 3:30am our (@NDAvengers) strike team blew up the Brass to Tebidaba Crude oil line in Bayelsa," the group said on a Twitter feed it uses to claim attacks.

Shell confirmed its 250,000 barrels a day Forcados pipeline had been hit again and was leaking. "We have ... mobilized appropriate oil spill response measures," SPDC said in a statement.

The pipe had been shut in February after a seawater attack but a new strike might complicate three-month long repairs, for which the firm has brought in experts from abroad. Force majeur has been in place for Forcados crude since then.

The Niger Delta Avengers say oil firms are responsible for pollution and say the poor swampland region fails to reap any benefit from its reserves.

It said its attacks had brought Nigeria's oil production to just 800,000 barrels per day (bpd), from 2 million bpd, without killing anyone, though they hit infrastructure feeding crude grades already under force majeure.

The ENI pipeline is used to transport Brass River crude.

The group also hit ENI's Ogboinbiri-Tebidaba and Clough Creek-Tebidaba pipelines in Bayelsa and warned ENI not to start repairs or "we will make you regrets it".

ENI did not respond to a request for comment.

LOUD SOUND

Ayiri Appah, a resident of Ogboinbiri, where the ENI pipelines are located, said he "heard a loud sound" from the area between 2 and 4 am local time.

Three grades of Nigeria's oil - Forcados, Brass River and Bonny Light - are under force majeure, while Exxon Mobil lifted force majeure on Qua Iboe, the country's largest export stream, on Friday.

Nigeria's oil minister said on Thursday that output was 1.6 million bpd. Even if the most recent attacks, which also included facilities belonging to Chevron under its Escravos grade, took out all exports of the oil linked to them, June production would remain near 1.2 million bpd.

Experts said the violence showed little sign of abating, and would keep pressure on the Nigeria's oil production and finances. President Muhammadu Buhari, a Muslim from the north, on Thursday canceled what would have been his first visit to the Delta region since taking office.

The Avengers have accused Buhari of ignoring local problems by having never visited the Christian region in the south.

The Ijaw Youth Council, which represents one of the largest ethnic groups, called on Buhari to "urgently and personally take charge ... to return peace and normalcy to the region."

(Additional reporting by Seng Li Peng, Florence Tan in Singapore, Ulf Laessing in Abuja, Anamesere Igboeroteonwu in Onitsah, Tife Owolabi in Yenogoa and Julia Payne in London; Editing by William Hardy and David Holmes)

Genocide: Guilty Or Not Guilty?

TRT WORLD, JUNE 03, 2016



Skulls displayed on a metal shelf in a Catholic church where they were killed during Rwanda’s 1994 genocide, in Nyamata April 9, 2014.




On June 2, 2016, the German parliament voted in favour of a resolution which declared the incidents concerning Armenians under the Ottoman Empire in 1915 a "genocide." Turkey, which was born out of ashes of the Ottoman Empire after its collapse in 1923, wasted no time in recalling its ambassador from Berlin.

It is not the first time that Turkey has been at odds with another country over this issue. So far, 27 countries around the world have officially recognised the incidents as “genocide,” as well as the European Parliament. They claim around 1.5 million Armenians died in 1915 during mass deportations from territories now within Turkey’s eastern borders.

Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Slovakia and Switzerland have even gone as far as criminalising the denial of the Armenian “genocide,” even though the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) last year ruled that Dogu Perincek, who was sentenced for denying the “genocide” by a Swiss court in 2007, had his right to freedom of speech violated.

Turkey, on the other hand, says that around 300,000 to 500,000 Armenians died during the deportations, and despite expressing regret over the incidents, has stopped short of acknowledging the event as a genocide.

The events happened in the context of World War I, during which the Russian Empire was supporting ethnic Armenians in an uprising against the Ottomans. Many Turks were also killed during the uprisings, with some arguing that it was the Turks who were the real victims of the incident.

However, in reality, the term “genocide” had not even been coined at the time. It is true that mass killings have been taking place throughout history, but it wasn’t until after World War II that a word describing such atrocities was officially incorporated into legal language.

Wartime British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, when describing German massacres of Russians in 1941, called the atrocities a “crime without a name.”

In fact, before World War II and the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, the absence of international law meant there were no measures in place to recognise the initiation of genocide, nor were there any means of prevention or punishment. Tragic as it was, the mass death of civilians was in the past merely considered to be an unfortunate but natural outcome of war.

Pretty much every nation around the world, therefore, has committed such heinous acts at some point in their history. The ethnic cleansing of Native Americans and Australian Aborigines are just two examples of genocide that are still fresh in human memory, long before the act became a crime.

That begs the question...can an act be considered a crime if it was committed before it was criminalised?

Experts Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn in their book The History and Sociology of Genocide (1990) argue genocide was not defined in the 20th century and stems back to antiquity. Others like Leo Kuper and Rudolph Joseph Rummel, however, focus entirely on the 20th century, while some limit their research to the post-World War II period.

The massacres witnessed during World War II were unlike anything else in history.

It was particularly the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany during this period that led Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin to coin the term in 1944 to describe the “coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves."

Finally, on December 9, 1948, the United Nations passed the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, establishing genocide as an international crime.

According to Article 2 of the Convention, genocide refers to intentionally seeking to destroy “in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group” through the following acts: killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the group’s entire or partial physical destruction, imposing measures intended to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Among scholars, many other terms have been coined to describe certain components of genocide.

“Ethnocide” refers to the cultural dimension of genocide, in which a group escapes being killed but has its social culture destroyed.

This term was mentioned in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 1994, although no definition was given. However, the declaration underlines that states must implement measures to help preserve the integrity cultural values and ethnic identities of indigenous peoples as well as their lands, territories or resources.

States are also obligated to prevent forced population transfers with the aim or effect of violating or undermining their rights, forced assimilation or integration, and propaganda designed to promote or incite racial or ethnic discrimination directed against them.

Peg LeVine coined the term “ritualcide” in reference to the tampering of religious practices and traditions, while the word “politicide” has been used to refer to the annihilation of political groups which are not protected by the genocide convention.

Democide, meanwhile, is a recently-coined umbrella term that covers both genocide and politicide. It is also used to define both mass murder and intentionally creating conditions that lead to mass death, such as starvation.

Regardless of terminology, genocide has always been a practice of war. Where the scholars differ is which incidents to apply these terms to. This is where the politicians have been stepping in, choosing to bypass the academic process by presenting their own conclusions based on self-serving interests rather than objective research.

Indeed, lobbies and politicians have been using international law to their advantage in labelling the incidents of 1915 a “genocide,” but sociologists and historians like Mohammad Hassan Kakar have criticised the UN Convention for being too restricted.

Typical understandings of the Convention suggest the perpetrator of a genocide is usually a state and/or its agents. Intent to commit genocide is also a key component in the crime. The perpetrator usually defines the victim of the genocide. To qualify as a genocide, a substantial part of the targeted group needs to have suffered.

However, this presents a number of problems. If a substantial proportion of a targeted group is subjected to a series of massacres on multiple fronts by different actors, the states responsible can each individually deny committing genocide by limiting their role in the crime to small-scale incidents, even if the overall consequences suffered by the target group resemble a genocide.

Perpetrators can also deny intent to commit genocide if there is no way to prove that the massacres were coordinated with other groups.

For example, throughout most of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire was being attacked on many fronts by Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians, Croats, Armenians and Russians. Hundreds of thousands of Turks were killed and displaced, but as the perpetrators were numerous and attacks were seemingly uncoordinated, it would be difficult to make accusations of genocide unless the identity of the perpetrators can be unified.

Furthermore, the overall damage inflicted on the targeted group can be downgraded if the perpetrator divides the identity of the victim into various sub-groups. Turks could still claim to have been victims of genocide at the hands of a united enemy, but if they are unable to prove in the international arena that Turks who were killed in Greece, the Balkans, the Caucasus and Cyprus are indeed one and the same, they would find it difficult to establish their case.


Again, if the targeted group is unable to prove affiliation with the victims of genocide, they cannot argue that a substantial part of their group has suffered.

The definition of “substantial” is also open to debate. If 100 members of a tribe consisting of 300 people are killed, amounting to a third of the population, this act could be considered a genocide. But if 1,000 individuals in a nation of 3 million are killed, it is more likely the incident will be called a massacre.

The issue of time is also not addressed in the Convention, so while the death of a million people in the space of a year can be considered a genocide, the death of an entire nation over the period of a century could go completely unnoticed.

Menstruation Frustration: Why Don't More Funders Care About This Key Global Issue?

INSIDE PHILANTHROPY



Image: Food Revolution Network



Billions of women and girls get their periods every month. For some of us, it’s little more than a bothersome time filled with fatigue, food cravings, and cramping. For others—women and girls in poor countries—it can mean being ostracized to a shack until their periods end, missing school, contracting reproductive diseases, and even violence.

A UN study found that one out of three girls, or about one-third, “knew nothing about menstruation prior to getting it.” That same study showed that 48 percent of girls in Iran and around 10 percent of those in India “believe that menstruation is a disease.” If those findings aren’t alarming enough, on MH Day 2015, The Guardian’s Ellie Mae O’Hagan reported that in India, 70 percent of all reproductive diseases are a result of poor menstrual hygiene. Other studies have documented just how much school girls miss because they can't properly manage their menstruation, and how this challenge can also hold them back at the workplace as well as limiting their mobility in countries without adequate restrooms for females.

A simple truth is that it's hard to empower girls and women, a goal that many funders have lately embraced, without making big strides in menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Yet there's not as much money and attention focused on this area you might think. We keep waiting for that to change, with more funders grabbing an opportunity to work a vital but neglected issue.

In 2014, WASH United mounted a global campaign to bring menstruation in the global health and developing spotlight by initiating a Menstrual Hygiene Day (MH Day). Last week, NGO’s, government agencies, the private sector, the media and individuals observed the third MH Day, which is less of a celebration and more of a global moment to build awareness about the critical role that good MHM "plays in helping women & girls reach their full potential.”

In 2015, 127 organizations announced MH Day events in over 30 countries. The MH Day Alliance now has over 400 partners and this year’s MH Day resulted in 180 events around the world.

Still, despite signs of growing momentum, menstruation still remains a largely back-burner global health and development challenge. Surely, there are a number of contributing factors as to why this is so. For starters, even the most pragmatic global health and development experts can get a little bit uncomfortable whenever the conversation turns to periods. What's more, this issue is often seen as a niche concern (as opposed to one that affects 2 billion women every month), and tends to fall through the funding and policy cracks.

Lisa Schechtman, director of policy and advocacy at WaterAid America once wrote on Gates Foundation’s Impatient Optimists blog


Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) rarely appears in donor strategies, national government policies or advocacy agendas. On a good day, it might be a component of national sexuality education curriculum, but this presumes kids are going to school and are able to get this information.

Schechtman also asks “If we get menstrual hygiene right, what else will have changed in the process?” The short answer to that question iseverything—from improving gender parity to breaking generational cycles of poverty.

Not everyone is ignoring the problem, as evidenced by the increased number of MH Day partners each year. As well, there are some funders who totally get it.

Among them is the Caterpillar Foundation, which concentrates its funding on the root causes of global poverty. Since 2010, the foundation has distributed over $30 million in support for female empowerment, WASH, microfinance, and energy programs. The foundation ties menstrual hygiene into its WASH and women and girls empowerment funding.

Michele Sullivan, president of the foundation, noted in an interview with IP that menstruation can effectively prevent young girls from attending school due to the lack of access to bathrooms. And we don’t have to tell you that the less education a girl receives the higher the likelihood that she will marry early and get pregnant at a young age. Pregnancy is among the leading causes of death worldwide for girls ages 15 to 19.

The Gates Foundation is also taking on the menstrual hygiene on a few different fronts. While this isn’t a major funding focus for Gates, it has invested close to $3 million over the past few years in a variety of related projects ranging from the development of a reusable, self-decontaminating sanitary pad to developing and improved understanding of menstrual management to inform WASH planning in developing countries.

The U.K.-based Waterloo Foundation is another big player in this field, awarding grants ranging from $80,000 to $160,000 in support of projects that “specifically seek to address menstrual hygiene management.” Long-time grantee WaterAid is currently receiving a generous £300,000 per year of unrestricted funds to, among other things, “lead the way in harder to fund WASH elements, such as menstrual hygiene.”

While there are big outfits like WASH United, WaterAid, and Plan International leading the charge, there are some smaller groups that are punching well above their weight in this space as well.

Last year, the Nairobi-based Zana Africa secured a $1 million investments from Grand Challenges Canada in support of its transition from pilot to proof-of-concept. The nonprofit founded by Harvard grad Megan White Mukuria is on mission to keep Kenyan girls in school with a three-pronged approach: delivering reproductive health education, advocating for widespread, systematic change though policymaking, and delivering sanitary pads.

Another nonprofit that’s leading the charge in the field is Sustainable Health Enterprise or SHE. Established by Elizabeth Scharpf and a small team of MIT students, SHE is helping women in Africa gain access to affordable menstrual pads. Scharpf stumbled upon the period problem while working for the World Bank in 2008. While in Mozambique, Scharpf learned that at one factory around 20 percent of employees regularly missed work to the tune of up to 30 days per year. According to SHE’s website, the main reason behind the lost work days was because “pads cost more than a day’s wages.”

SHE is a social venture that helps local women “jumpstart social businesses” to produce and distribute affordable menstrual pads made from materials that are sourced locally. SHE also provides training to community health workers on the company’s decentralized distribution system as well as training regarding how to educate girls and boys about puberty and menstrual hygiene. On the policy front, SHE is advocating for government leaders to waive the value-added tax on sanitary pads. With the help of partners like the Segal Family Foundation, Grand Challenges Canada, and the United Nations Children’s Fund, the company continues to build the blueprint to take its approach to scale globally.

Afripads is another social enterprise that is working to break down barriers built by menstruation. The group is on a mission to “empower women and girls through business, innovation, and opportunity.” Similar to SHE, AFRIpads manufactures affordable and reusable sanitary pads locally. The company’s Menstrual Kits, are then distributed to women and girls around the world. This simple kit helps women and girls stay in school, prevents them from missing work, and gives them the ability to engage in their normal daily routines and responsibilities.

When it comes to menstruation in developing countries, there are more than a few barriers to change beyond gaining access to health education and sanitary pads. There are also long-held traditions and beliefs, which may be among the most difficult to change. But they need to. We all know by now that when you hold girls and women back from progress, you hold the world back.

Rights Group: Gambia Must End Brutal Crackdown

Associated Press


President Macky Sall (Getty Images)


DAKAR, SENEGAL (ASSOCIATED PRESS) -- Gambian activists and politicians have called on West Africa's economic body to take actions against Gambia for its brutal crackdown on rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly in the run-up to elections later in the year.

The calls come as Amnesty International released a report Thursday that says amid opposition protests, peaceful demonstrators and bystanders were beaten and arrested in April and May. The group says 51 people, including the leader and executive members of the opposition United Democratic Party, await trial and at least 36 others have been detained without charge.

Opposition party secretary Solo Sandeng died in custody after torture, the group said, demanding accountability for President Yahya Jammeh, who has been in power since 1994.

"Gambia is already in bad state. I would recommend that targeted sanctions to be applied against President Jammeh and his close associates," women rights activist Fatoumata Tambajang said.

Tambajang called on countries like Senegal and Nigeria to put maximum pressure on Jammeh to step down.

Gambians are forced to face a choice between speaking out or remaining safe, Amnesty said. New laws that further restricted the right to freedom of expression have been introduced since November 2011 elections, and journalists have fled Gambia because of persecution.

Civil society activists have said they can't trust anyone.

Gambia, a part of the Economic Community Of West African States, must observe and comply with its protocol on democracy and good governance, Amnesty said, calling for its suspension from the body if no progress on human rights is made.

Top leaders from the organization have met with Senegal President Macky Sall, the chairman of ECOWAS, to ensure strong actions before the body meets for a summit beginning June 4.

Japan Praises Boy Who Survived Alone, Wonders About Parents

ASSOCIATED PRESS
FRIDAY, JUNE 03, 2016


7-year-old Yamato Tanooka, who was found safe nearly a week after he was abandoned in the forest by his parents in Nanae, Hokkaido, northern Japan. The boy's safe return was welcomed in a nation riveted by his disappearance and undergoing intense soul-searching about how it raises and disciplines its children. This photo was taken by his school before he went missing. (Hamawake Elementary School/Kyodo News via AP) JAPAN OUT, MANDATORY CREDIT


TOKYO, JAPAN (AP) — The remarkable survival of a 7-year-old Japanese boy, abandoned in a forest by his parents who wanted to teach him a lesson, prompted nationwide joy and relief Friday. But Japanese also wondered whether the father and mother themselves might need a stern lesson in parenting.

Yamato Tanooka (Tah-noh-oh-kah) survived alone for nearly a week by finding shelter in a military hut and drinking water from a nearby faucet until he was discovered by chance by a soldier on Friday. He looked a bit worn out but was "genki," the military said, using a Japanese word describing healthy children. A doctor who examined him said he was dehydrated but basically fine.

But some have reacted with outrage, slamming what the parents did as inexcusable — punishing a child for misbehaving by leaving him in a forest reputedly occupied by bears on the northernmost main island of Hokkaido. The parents said they had returned after a few minutes, but couldn't find him.

The incident was seen as underlining how isolated the nuclear family has become in modern Japanese society, with parents not getting enough advice on parenting, and the traditionally present grandma and grandpa no longer part of everyday life.

Mitsuko Tateishi, an educator who has written a book urging mothers to take it easy, said some parents are succumbing to what she calls tremendous "good-mom pressures," such as having their children excel and measuring up to other children.

"A child is not a dog or a cat. You have to treat the child like a human individual," she said, stressing that calm explanations of what is good versus bad is at the root of parenting, not punishing a child with abandonment.

Tateishi also believes Japan remains behind the West in protecting children, and doubts any concrete action will be taken against the parents. "The father is probably really sorry for what he did, but he is so misguided," she said.

Appearing outside the hospital where the boy was flown by helicopter, the father, Takayuki Tanooka, apologized, bowing deeply, thanked everyone for the rescue, and vowed to do a better job as a dad. "We have raised him with love all along," Tanooka said, fighting tears. "I really didn't think it would come to that. We went too far."

Abandonment and child abuse are far more common in Japan than the stereotype of the doting parent and stay-at-home mom would suggest. Corporal punishment in the name of discipline is common, including beatings and getting thrown out of homes in the cold.

There have been reports recently of children who were starved. Even more alarming, local school and community officials have not adequately responded to warning signs, such as a child's bruises or extreme hunger. In one case, parents in their 20s kept their 3-year-old chained to a collar around his neck. The father was arrested.

A report by Japanese police found that child abuse is on the rise, with annually reported cases doubling to nearly 74,000 over the last decade, resulting in nearly 700 prosecutions, triple the number a decade ago, and more than 2,000 children getting placed in protective custody a year.

Yamato's parents are not officially under any police investigation for their actions. Yamato's ordeal, pieced together from information from military and police teams reported by local media, was admirable for his resourcefulness and resilience.

After apparently walking for several kilometers (miles), the boy found an empty hut in an unoccupied military drill area and entered a door that had been left open. The Quonset hut-style building had no heat or electricity and no food, but Yamato huddled between mattresses on the floor and drank water from the solitary faucet outside the hut for several days.

Temperatures drop in the forested area in northern Japan to below 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) at night, and there was rain during the week, fueling fears the boy, wearing only a T-shirt when he went missing, might die from exposure.

The soldier who found him had not been part of the search effort, but when he asked if the boy was Yamato Tanooka, the boy nodded and said, "Yup." The soldier gave him rice balls, which he ate ravenously. When the solider suggested they should go home together, the boy nodded again and said, "Yup."

Although going without water is dangerous even for a few days, people can survive considerably longer without food. But experts stress a water-only diet for so long must have been painful. Daijiro Hashimoto, a former governor appearing on a talk show on TV Asahi, wondered how the boy had endured the loneliness, especially at night, and suggested that perhaps he had imagined he was on some adventure and was hiding in a secret camp.

"He had to keep a very positive attitude," Hashimoto said, reflecting widespread sentiment here. "He is fantastic. He didn't know how long it might take, and when he would ever be saved." Japanese media reports focused more on how lucky and smart the boy had been, and less on criticizing the parents. Yamato's father said he was sorry.

"I told him I was so sorry for causing him such pain," he told reporters.

Follow Yuri Kageyama on Twitter at twitter.com/yurikageyama

Her work can be found at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/yuri-kageyama

FIFA Says Blatter, Top Execs Got $80M Over 5 Years

ASSOCIATED PRESS
FRIDAY, JUNE 03, 2016


The logo at the FIFA headquarters in Zurich, Switzerland. The federal prosecution office says Friday, June 3, 2016, of the search on Thursday that "documents and electronic data were seized and will now be examined to determine their relevance to the ongoing proceedings." (Walter Bieri/Keystone via AP)


LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND (AP) — FIFA has revealed that disgraced former officials Sepp Blatter, Jerome Valcke and Markus Kattner awarded themselves raises and World Cup bonuses totaling $80 million over their last five years in office.

Some of the contracted payments appear to break Swiss law, and evidence will be given to American and Swiss federal prosecutors who are investigating corruption implicating the world soccer body, lawyers for FIFA said Friday.

"The evidence appears to reveal a coordinated effort by three former top officials of FIFA to enrich themselves through annual salary increases, World Cup bonuses and other incentives totaling more than 79 million Swiss francs — in just the last five years," said Bill Burck of Quinn Emanuel, the U.S. law firm retained by FIFA during its corruption crisis.

FIFA revealed details of the contracts of its former president Blatter, fired former secretary general Valcke and fired finance director Kattner one day after police raided FIFA to seize evidence for the Swiss investigation.

Blatter got a 12 million Swiss francs ($12 million) bonus after the successful 2014 World Cup in Brazil and would have been due another 12 million Swiss francs for completing his 2015-19 presidential term, the contracts reveal.

The secretly agreed bonuses were significantly more than Blatter's base salary — 3 million Swiss francs ($3 million) in 2015 — which FIFA published in March. Valcke got a $2 million basic salary before being fired, but was awarded a $10 million World Cup bonus for 2014 and was due $11 million from the 2018 tournament in Russia.

The police raid Thursday included searches in the office of Kattner, who was fired last week. "Documents and electronic data were seized and will now be examined to determine their relevance to the ongoing proceedings," the Swiss federal prosecution office said Friday.

Swiss attorney general Michael Lauber opened criminal proceedings against Blatter last September, and against Valcke in March. Both are suspected of criminal mismanagement of FIFA money. Blatter and Valcke deny wrongdoing but were banned for six and 12 years, respectively, by FIFA's ethics committee.

No criminal proceedings have yet been opened against Kattner, who joined FIFA as finance director in 2003 and got bonuses totaling 7 million Swiss francs from the past two World Cups. At the height of FIFA's crisis last year, Kattner was given further cash guarantees from FIFA's $5 billion income from the 2014 World Cup.

On May 31, 2015 — four days after the U.S. and Swiss investigations were revealed by police raids on Zurich's Baur au Lac hotel and FIFA — Kattner's contract was extended through 2023 with extra clauses guaranteeing termination pay and indemnification for legal fees and restitution claims.

"These two provisions appear to violate mandatory Swiss law," FIFA said Friday. Kattner's payments were all contracted and approved by the compensation committee FIFA created in 2013 and known to FIFA's auditors, KMPG, a spokesperson for the German official said in a statement.

"Additionally, FIFA will refer the matter of these contracts and payments to the Ethics Committee for its review," FIFA said in a statement. Any ethics investigation could affect two senior officials at the heart of FIFA's financial operation. Finance committee chairman Issa Hayatou, the interim FIFA president while Blatter was suspended, and former audit panel chairman Domenico Scala both approved at least one of the contracts revealed Friday.

Three weeks after new FIFA President Gianni Infantino claimed that "the crisis is over," the turmoil rocking soccer's world governing body continues. Infantino has been criticized for a breakdown in his relationship with Scala, who resigned on May 14. The FIFA president privately described as "insulting" a salary offer from Scala, reported as $2 million without bonuses.

Since Kattner's firing on May 23, German language newspapers have been fed a series of leaked minutes from meetings and FIFA emails which sought to turn scrutiny on Infantino. Elected four months ago to replace Blatter, Infantino pledged reform and a changed culture at FIFA and was expected to face resistance from insiders. The 45-year-old Swiss official also arrived with a reputation as a critic of FIFA during seven years as secretary general of European soccer body UEFA.

Infantino has not publicly criticized FIFA's former regime but the contracts revealed Friday by its top legal advisers seem to have exposed a culture of secrecy and entitlement. Valcke and Kattner signed eight-year contract extensions on April 30, 2011 — five weeks before Blatter was due to contest a bitterly fought presidential election against Mohamed bin Hammam of Qatar.

Blatter and Valcke did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

Tuesday, May 31, 2016

Nigerian Oil Production Falls As Militant Attacks Take Toll

VOA, MAY 31, 2016







LAGOS—Nigeria is Africa's oil king no more.

Months of militant attacks on pipelines and oil infrastructure in the southern Niger Delta region have crippled production in Africa's largest producer of crude.

The militant group behind the attacks, the Niger Delta Avengers, vowed in an early communiqué to reduce Nigeria's economy to "zero." They appear to be getting their wish.

Exports have fallen from about 2.2 million barrels per day to as low as 990,000 barrels per day, analysts say, making Angola Africa's largest producer of oil, at least for now.

The drop in production and the low price of oil globally are major reasons why Nigeria is expected to enter a recession in coming months.

Gail Anderson, research director at energy research and consultancy group Wood Mackenzie, says the militants have been careful in their sabotage.

"The attacks themselves have been well-targeted and they've been designed to cause maximum damage, and I think they've been quite successful in that respect," Anderson said.

Attacks hit hard

The NDA emerged earlier this year with a blog that took credit for a number of attacks on pipelines in the delta. It also listed demands, including apologies from politicians, the release of an imprisoned separatist leader and a redistribution of ownership of oil blocks.

After months of sabotage, Anderson estimates production has fallen by about 560,000 barrels per day.

Dolapo Oni, head of energy research at Ecobank, gave a more drastic estimate. Between pipeline repairs and militant attacks, Nigeria is probably producing no more than 990,000 barrels of oil every day, he said.

Crude has long been Nigeria's top export. Though President Muhammadu Buhari wants to wean the country off its dependence on oil, it remains the major source of revenue for the country's recently enacted $30.4 billion budget.

"We're not producing up to the level we need to produce, the government won't generate the amount of revenue it needs to generate from oil," Oni said.

Low oil prices and shortages of fuel and foreign exchange led Nigeria's economy to contract last quarter. It's expected to do the same this quarter, putting the country into a recession.

Repairs on the attacked pipelines will likely take weeks, Oni said, and that might not deter the militants. The militants blew up one pipeline in Bayelsa State twice, and warned its owners against repairing it, he said.

Past problems

Militancy in the Niger Delta is nothing new. The delta was the site of a years-long insurgency that only ended in 2009 when the government started paying off militants and offering them job training as part of an amnesty program.

That effort was criticized for not addressing the underlying issues fueling the militancy, namely the joblessness, poverty and pollution in many communities where people live next to oil production sites.

The government is winding down the amnesty program, but the NDA says it wants the program to continue. Oni said its unknown if any participants in the program are part of the new group, but the sophistication of their attacks suggests a high level of familiarity with oil infrastructure.

"They carry out attacks at specific times of the day, when they know they're able to strike without specific reprisal from the enemy," Oni said.

Buhari is headed to the delta this week to kick off the cleanup of Ogoniland, a region of Rivers State that has been extensively polluted by oil spills over the years.

Rehabilitating Ogoniland is one of the NDA's demands.

Monday, May 30, 2016

A Senate candidate. A Murder Plot. An Undercover Cop. A Giant Fiasco.

THE WASHINGTON POST



Ruth Ann Aron Green, a former U.S. Senate candidate who was once sentenced to prison for allegedly hiring a hitman to kill her husband, attempts to sell a memoir she has written about the experience at the…Image: Matt Roth/Washington Post



Feeling exiled and frustrated in her Florida condominium, Ruthann Aron decided she needed a makeover. Not of the cosmetic variety but of the cosmic — a public image redo, which would not be particularly easy nearly 20 years after the trial that put her in a Maryland prison for hiring a hit man to murder her rich urologist husband.

One step involved returning to Montgomery County, where all her troubles began and where she served on the county planning board and ran for the U.S. Senate. Another step involved hiring Victor.

Victor Wainstein, 41, is Ruthann’s attorney. She hired him because, in addition to the usual qualities that one looks for — intelligence, creativity — he agreed to temporarily set aside other clients and work for her, arriving every morning at her rented townhouse and working on nothing but the rebranding of Ruthann, recasting her role in one of the most infamous cases in Montgomery County history.

First, there is the court petition, a long-shot attempt to have her case reexamined.

“I can’t talk to you about that,” says Ruth Ann, 73. (That is how she spells her name now: Ruth Ann Aron Green, the Green being a shortening of her maiden name.) “Well, I can talk to you about the one,” she continues. “I, or Victor, can talk about the one we filed. But anything else we are thinking about filing, I can’t help at all.”

“Maybe I can help a little,” says Victor, a large man with earnest features. “If you Google her name now, all you find is a lot of artless stories that tell the story of 1997 in the way it was told.”

The news stories imply that Ruth Ann pleaded guilty, when in fact she did not plead guilty. She pleaded no contest, which is different from guilty, even if it was her voice on those tapes spelling out her husband’s name to a supposed hit man — “B like boy, A-R-R-Y” — and instructing him to look for a taupe Acura. (Her husband survived, by the way; the assassin was actually an undercover policeman.)

Now Ruth Ann has asked Victor to file a motion asking a Montgomery County court to overturn her plea, saying that she was bullied into making it and should receive another trial.

A hearing is scheduled for August.

Second, there is the book.

“It’s really four books for the price of one,” Ruth Ann likes to say, because the book, a self-published paperback memoir of her trial and life, is 764 pages and weighs 3.2 pounds on a bathroom scale. “The cover artist wanted to do this naked woman,” she sighs one day.

“Lady Justice,” Victor supplies patiently.

“Nude,” says Ruth Ann, who is small and slight and stylishly dressed. “I was knocked off my chair, it was like she was posing for Playboy. Finally, on the third draft, I said, ‘Listen, I don’t want a naked lady.’ ”

The new cover of “Corrupted Justice” has a bloody gavel on the front. For a time it also had a complete chapter missing that the publisher had accidentally omitted; Ruth Ann thinks that has been fixed.

She hopes to sell the book at festivals and bookstores.

Third, there is the general business of redefining what it means to be Ruth Ann these days, which sometimes spirals back to what it meant to be Ruth Ann 20 years ago, before all of this happened.

“You look at the popularity of someone like Donald Trump,” Victor offers, explaining Ruth Ann’s life. “What do people supposedly like about him? He’s an outsider. He’s not taking lobbyist money. I look at Ruth, and I say, ‘Guess what? In 1994 she ran for U.S. Senate as an outsider, a businesswoman, raised many of the same issues . . . she was the Trump of 1994, minus the bravado and the language and all of that.’ ”

In the coming weeks, Ruth Ann would like to get back to this version of Ruth Ann. The businesswoman. The politician. The fighter, but also the victim.

“Everyone else’s lives have moved on,” says Ruth Ann. “Mine is still stuck in 1997.” Since then, she says, she has been very misunderstood.

A well-known woman

Ruth Ann and Victor, in the townhouse, on the subject of Ruth Ann’s 1997 treatment in the media: “There were so many gender issues,” Victor says. “It was somehow viewed as if she was an aggressive . . . ”

“B***h,” Ruth Ann supplies.

Ruth Ann and Victor, in the townhouse, on the subject of her first attorney, whom she says forced her into the plea: “He presented, in the words of the ‘Godfather,’ a deal she couldn't refuse,” Victor says.

“No, he threatened me,” Ruth Ann says. (The attorney in question, Barry Helfand, says the accusation is false and “shocking”).

Ruth Ann and Victor, in the townhouse, on the subject of the townhouse:

“How did this house happen?” Ruth Ann throws up her arms and looks around at the dingy gray carpet and poorly insulated walls. “I’m going to throw a rock at Victor while I tell you how this house happened.”

The house happened, she explains, because although her comeback involved returning to Maryland, at the time she was still in Florida. A real estate agent identified a few houses; Victor, who lives in Montgomery County, looked at them, and she relied on his opinion.

“I have no comment,” Victor says. “I’m not going to speak against my client’s interest. That’s all I’ll say.”

“What, are you kidding around or are you serious?” Ruth Ann asks. “Are you saying it’s myfault that you rented me this house?”

“What I’m saying is that I was tasked one day to look at two townhouses. There was one that was not good. And there was this one. Between the two of them, I said this one was better than the other one,” he says.

“I think this house is a dump,” Ruth Ann says.

Dump is a relative term. The house is, however, a dump compared with the custom, two-acre Potomac home she lived in the last time she was in Montgomery County.

Before 1997, which is the way that she refers to everything that happened — “1997” or “the events of 1997” or “the troubled waters of 1997” — Ruth Ann Aron was a well-known name in the Washington area. A Cornell-educated New Yorker, she came to Maryland in the 1970s with her doctor husband and two young children, acquired a law degree at Catholic University and became a real estate developer. She completed several big deals.

In 1994, after winning a seat on the county planning board, she decided to run for Senate. Her campaign manager said she had been drafted by the National Republican Senatorial Committee: A self-made female millionaire was exactly the type of person that appealed to them. She was petite, with queenly features and impeccable style; a spitfire who attended target practice with the Montgomery County park police.

But the primaries got ugly. She was defeated by a fellow Republican, then sued him for what she said had been defamatory campaign ads. She lost, but her appeal dragged on for more than a year. It was June of 1997 before word came down that Ruth Ann could have a new trial on the defamation case because of a judicial error. By then, acquaintances speculated that she was planning a political comeback; police said she was planning something else as well.

On June 9, Ruth Ann walked into the lobby of a local Marriott hotel carrying a manila envelope containing $500. She handed it to an attendant, the attendant later recalled, and the next day the headlines read, “Former Senate candidate arrested in murder for hire plot.”

‘Like a kaleidoscope’

When Ruth Ann’s solicitation-for-murder trial came around, the emerging details only made the story stranger: Before the defamation case could go back to trial, Ruth Ann met with an acquaintance who owned a local landfill. She implied, he later said in court, that she wanted a certain witness from the case eliminated. The landfill owner went tolaw enforcement. Investigators outfitted him with a wire for his next meeting with Ruth Ann and gave him the phone number of an undercover detective who would pretend to be a hit man.

By the time Ruth Ann spoke with the supposed hit man, she had an addendum to her original wish. “There are two jobs,” she was recorded saying. The first job was the defamation witness. The second job was Barry Aron, her husband of 32 years.

“You want a car accident?” the detective asked in one conversation.

“Yeah,” she said.

“What about a suicide?”

“If it would pass muster,” she agreed.

The case walked the line between absurd and tragic. In the Marriott, Ruth Ann — a woman accustomed to dressing properly for many occasions — wore a trench coat, a floppy hat and glasses, as if she had purchased a criminal-mastermind costume from a Halloween shop.

When arrested, she told a police officer “maybe I just lost it,” the officer said. On a jail intake form she indicated that she had been a victim of domestic abuse, although this largely wasn’t made a part of her defense. At her trial, Barry Aron testified that he had recently asked for a divorce, and he later told reporters that the couple had slept in separate bedrooms for years. (Barry Aron, through an attorney, declined to comment for this story).

Ruth Ann didn’t take the stand on her own behalf. She says that she was overmedicated, on a cocktail of prescription drugs that had been given to her by her husband, and which caused her tohave a psychotic break. She was barely aware of what she was doing when she made those calls, she says. Her attorneys ended up using an insanity defense, introducing psychiatrists as expert witnesses and arguing that Ruth Ann had been entrapped, encouraged to go further than she otherwise would have with the hit-man plot.

“You ever look through a kaleidoscope?” she now says. “That was my mind. My mind looked exactly like a kaleidoscope.”

The judge declared a mistrial after a lone juror could not be persuaded that Ruth Ann was in her right mind and legally responsible for her actions. During her second trial, Ruth Ann pleaded no contest. In a no-contest plea, the defendant does not admit guilt but acknowledges they will be sentenced for a crime. That plea, which she now says she did not fully understand, put her in prison for three years.

At the Montgomery County Detention Center and a pre-release facility where she served her time, staff members submitted updates on her progress. There seemed to be a chasm between how Ruth Ann understood her situation and how others did: “Ms. Aron struggled with adhering to the program’s rules and generally manipulated the staff for personal gain,” one staffer wrote. “She often portrayed herself as a victim . . . and attempted to use past history and mental illness as excuses for her criminal behavior.”

As her release date approached, Ruth Ann petitioned to get out early to attend her son’s wedding in New York. “I have been a model inmate,” she wrote. “Toiling long hours in the jail library helping others with their legal research needs.”

After her release in2000, she moved to New York and later to Florida, where she learned that serving her time and being embraced back into society were separate tasks.

“I always tried to live my life being very good to the people around me, and when I needed that very same quality it was nowhere in sight,” Ruth Ann says.

She tried to join the Florida Citizen Police Academy in Palm Beach but was informed she could not. Her insurance carrier dropped her because, she was told in a letter, “solicitation of murder is demonstrative of behavior and judgment characteristics that present an increased and unacceptable risk of loss insured under our policies.”

Twenty years of these frustrations led her to move back to Montgomery County last year, to this crummy townhouse, with piles of legal papers and boxes and boxes of the self-published books.

“This kitchen is a testament to my resiliency,” she tells Victor, dragging a stepladder over to a cupboard to search for a cooking spice. “A testament to my willingness, even at this point in my life, to stand on ladders . . . In no other kitchen would I have to go through this.”

A difficult life

On a Friday evening, Ruth Ann and Victor leave the townhouse. They go to Victor’s house to celebrate Passover. Ruth Ann brings the chicken soup.

“The secret is that it needs a little bit of seltzer,” she had confided while making the soup the afternoon before. “It makes the matzoh buoyant.”

In any event, life goes on.

One potential outcome of her attorney’s motion is that her case would go to trial again. And if it went to trial, Ruth Ann, a woman who had been free for more than a decade, who has the financial resources to live independently in Florida, to rent an additional townhouse in Maryland, to hire an attorney to fight her case, and hire a publicist to promote the book whose publishing she funded — one possibility is that Ruth Ann could be found guilty and go to prison again.

Why gamble?

“It’s a question that only a person who has gone through what she has gone through can answer,” Victor says one afternoon by telephone. “It’s easy to say, ‘Why don’t you just move on, why don’t you put this past you?’ Maybe that’s what another person feels like he would do. It speaks to how seriously and passionately she feels about what’s happened to her.”

There is no doubt that Ruth Ann is a complicated person, Victor says, or that she has lived a complicated life.

He acknowledges her past.

Ruth Ann’s father was brutally murdered in a 1994 robbery gone awry while Ruth Ann was fighting for the Senate seat. They were not close. He had called her “cruel” and written her out of his will; in her trial, Ruth Ann’s attorney claimed that her father had molested her.

Victor acknowledges her only son.

Her son, Joshua, was killed in the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, in his office on the 104th floor of the World Trade Center. She never got his body back, and her townhouse is filled with image after image of the handsome young man.

She is estranged from her daughter, Dana. In her memoir, in some of the sections that blame others for bad relationships, Ruth Ann is the one who inadvertently comes across as difficult. She doesn’t have many friends.

But all of this, all of her, has become a footnote in a life that has been reduced to one day in June of 1997. The events of 1997 have uncomplicated her life. They have made her life simple, because they have made her guilty, and her guilt overshadows everything else good and bad about eight decades of existence.

“There were all of these parts of her. She was a lawyer, a mother, a wife, a community activist,” Victor says. “And then in 1997, those parts of her died.”

There are so many other things in her life that cannot be undone, but — even if only by a legal, technical standard — maybe 1997 can.

The real story

“Is the table in here?” Ruth Ann asks Victor a few days later, on an early Sunday morning outside of the townhouse. They are going to an outdoor book festival in Kensington, Md.

“The table is where it was,” he says, nodding toward a card table waiting to be loaded into his SUV.

“Can you get it?” she asks. “Where is my pocketbook?” She disappears into the house and returns a few minutes later — not with her pocketbook, but with a crate containing a jar of candy that she hopes will draw people to her table at the book festival, and two red, white and blue pinwheels.

“Here are two pinwheels,’ she says. “I thought they would blow if we had a breeze, and if not, we could just blow on them.”

They get in the car and drive toward Kensington.

They hope this event goes better than the one the day beforein Annapolis. The audience consisted of one former business acquaintance and one reporter from a local newspaper who had been sent to cover the reading but did not seem to know exactly who Ruth Ann was. Eventually Ruth Ann stood up in the middle of the room and started reading the first chapter as a coffee grinder whirred in the background and a clerk wove past her, reshelving books. She did not introduce herself as a person who went to jail for hiring a hit man. She did not explain that she was infamous.

When asked by the reporter for more detail about her past, she said: “I’d rather not get into the whole story, but basically my mind imploded and my husband ended up putting me in jail. I never meant anything, I never pled anything, but I went to jail.”

At the Kensington festival, she unloads the table and the pinwheels and the books, which a few days earlier her publisher confirmed now contained the missing chapters. Other authors have tents and tablecloths and big, polished displays.

“Would you like some candy?” she asks a passing child, gesturing to the plastic candy bin. To her mother, she asked, “Can she have some candy?”

The little girl chooses a mini Butterfinger but does not say thank you. “You’re welcome,” Ruth Ann says.

A couple of hours pass. No books have been sold. Ruth Ann sends Victor off in search of a coconut ice.

Eventually a woman walks by the table. She stops. She looks. She takes a few steps backward and then comes over.

“Well, what do you know?” the woman says. “You’re Ruthann Aron.”

“Yes,” Ruth Ann says.

“Weren’t you accused of killing your husband or something?“

“No,” Ruth Ann says. “No, he’s very much alive.”

The woman shakes her head. “I can’t even remember the whole story. But I would have thought I’d hear something about you getting out of jail.”

“That’s because you don’t know the whole story. The real story,” Ruth Ann says.

She picks up a copy of the book and offers it to the woman, who doesn’t take it and moves on to the next table. Ruth Ann holds the book for a few more minutes before putting it down again.

Nigeria’s Federal Police Force Has Failed, But What Does History Say About Local Forces?

The Dogarai police system was reformed in 1907 to become the Native Authority Police Force. Wikimedia Commons BY SAHEED BALOGUN AMUSA PROFES...